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\begin{document}

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\title{Robust covert channels based on \\ DRAM power consumption\thanks{T. B. Paiva is supported by CAPES. R. Terada is supported
by CNPq grant number 442014/2014-7.}
}



\author{Thales Bandiera~Paiva\inst{1} \and
Javier Navaridas\inst{2} \and
Routo Terada\inst{1}}

\authorrunning{T. Bandiera~Paiva et al.}

\institute{Institute of Mathematics and Statistics,
University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
\email{\{tpaiva,rt\}@ime.usp.br}
\and
School of Computer Science, University of Manchester,
Manchester, U.K.
\email{javier.navaridas@manchester.ac.uk}
}

\maketitle              % typeset the header of the contribution

\begin{abstract}

To improve the energy efficiency of computing systems, modern CPUs provide registers
that give estimates on the power consumption.
However, the ability to read the power consumption introduces one class of security concerns
called covert channels, which  are communication channels that enable one process
to transmit a message to another one in a system where these processes were meant to be isolated.
Our contribution consists in the first covert channel in which
messages are transmitted by modulating the DRAM power consumption.
The channel implementation outperforms similar proposals,
achieving 1800 bps with 10\% error, and 2400 bps with 15\% error, when running
on a notebook and on a desktop platforms, respectively,
To test its robustness against application interference, we
considered the channel's performance when running concurrently with different benchmarks:
MRBench, Terasort and LINPACK.
When running on the notebook, the channel is fairly robust, achieving between 300 and 600 bps
with around 10\% error depending on the workload considered.

\keywords{Covert channel \and Intel RAPL \and Power consumption.}
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
\input intro

\section{Related work} \label{sec:related_work}
\input related_work

\section{Threat model and experimental setup} \label{sec:rapl}
\input rapl

\section{Power consumption profiles} \label{sec:powerprofs}
\input powerprofs

\section{Building the covert channels} \label{sec:covertchannel}
\input covertchannel

\section{Evaluation of the covert channels} \label{sec:eval}
\input evaluation

\section{Achieving higher transmission rates} \label{sec:highrates}
\input higherrates


\section{Discussion} \label{sec:discussion}
\input discussion


\section{Conclusion and future work} \label{sec:conclusion}
\input conclusion


\section*{Acknowledgments}

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
This research is part of the INCT of the Future Internet for Smart Cities funded by CNPq proc. 465446/2014-0, FAPESP proc. 14/50937-1,
and FAPESP proc. 15/24485-9.
Dr. Navaridas is supported by EuroEXA, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme under Grant Agreement 754337.
Part of this paper was written while T. B. Paiva was attending the
Escuela de Ciencias Informáticas 2018 supported by a travel grant
given by the Computer Science Department of Universidad de Buenos Aires.

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